黄土高原不同植被带人工刺槐林土壤团聚体稳定性及其化学计量特征

为研究黄土高原不同植被带对土壤团聚体稳定性及团聚体化学计量变化特征的影响,本研究选取黄土高原不同植被带人工刺槐林地土壤为研究对象,分析了不同粒径团聚体含量,团聚体化学计量及稳定性指标.结果表明, 2 mm和0. 25～2 mm粒径团聚体含量,机械团聚体的平均重量直径(E_(MWD))和机械团聚体的几何平均直径(E_(GMD))表现为森林带森林草原带草原带,而0. 053～0. 25 mm粒径团聚体含量和可蚀性因子K呈现相反的变化特点;各粒径团聚体有机碳和全氮含量在3个植被带整体表现为森林带显著高于森林草原带和草原带,而全磷含量在各植被带间无明显变化规律;有机碳和全氮含量在草原带以0. 053 mm和0. 25～2 mm粒径占绝对优势,在森林草原带以0. 053～0. 25 mm和0. 25～2 mm粒径为主,而森林带各粒径间均无显著差异;草原带和森林草原带0. 053 mm粒径全磷含量最高,而森林带全磷含量在各粒径间无显著差异;0. 053 mm和0. 053～0. 25 mm粒径团聚体C∶N值以草原带和森林草原带高于森林带,而0. 25～2 mm和 2 mm粒径在3个植被带间无显著差异;各粒径C∶P和N∶P值以森林带显著高于森林草原带和草原带.综上可见,土壤团聚体稳定性和团聚体化学计量在3个植被带间存在较大差异,团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳、全氮含量整体表现为森林带显著高于森林草原带和草原带.     

极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”发育规律研究*

为深入研究极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”的动态发育规律,采用理论推导、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,分析袁店一矿824工作面覆岩“两带”的裂隙演化特征。结果表明:从岩层层向拉伸率角度,研究上覆岩层垮落带和导水裂隙带的垮落程度,考虑角度影响推导出岩层弯曲下沉边缘段变形前后的长度计算公式,根据覆岩的碎胀特征计算各岩层的最大下沉量,预测垮落带和裂隙带的范围分别为30.2~41.2 m和70.7~78.2 m;采用3DEC数值模拟分析该矿824工作面开挖后上覆岩层垮落的基本形态和裂隙分布规律,结合其应力、位移云图和监测线位移曲线的分布特征,得出垮落带和裂隙带的高度分别为32.50 m和77.25 m;采用分布式光纤应变监测系统,监测工作面前方80 m处上部顶板的受力情况,得出受采动影响的光纤应变呈起伏变化,且应变分布与地层岩性存在对应关系,得出垮落带高度约30.4 m,裂隙带高度约74.8 m,验证采用层向拉伸率和覆岩碎胀性2个方面来预测工作面覆岩“两带”高度的合理性,可为类似方面的研究与施工提供相应的技术依据。     

不同类型植被河岸缓冲带对模拟径流及总磷的消减研究

在九龙江上游北溪流域,选择杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)、红花檵木(Loropetalum chinense var.rubrum)、红叶石楠(Photinia fraseri)3种植物及原生撂荒杂草地,构建对照(A)、草本(B)、灌草(C)和灌木(D)4种不同处理的植被缓冲带,通过模拟不同浓度面源污染下的农田径流,探讨不同植被组合对径流量及总磷的消减效果.结果表明:各缓冲带不同植被对径流量及总磷的消减效果均表现为草本灌草灌木,其中,草本缓冲带对径流量的消减率最高,达到86.93%,在高、低浓度进水时对总磷浓度的消减分别为95.20%、80.69%;4种不同植被缓冲带对总磷浓度的消减效果随缓冲带宽度的增加均出现上升的趋势,其中,前半段消减效果最佳,后半段消减趋势减缓;高浓度污染进水条件下缓冲带对总磷的消减效率高于低浓度进水;4种缓冲带对磷总量的消减量分别为27.70、28.02、28.06和26.94 g.研究成果可为九龙江上游河岸缓冲带建设及流域氮磷污染率治理和生态评价提供科学示范及理论依据.     

鄂尔多斯周缘地震带中长期地震趋势估计

本文基于一定的地震资料,分别应用最大熵原理、贝努里概型以及计算地震复发周期的经验关系式,对鄂尔多斯周缘地震带进行了中强地震的中长期地震趋势估计。     

Losing Function Through Wetland Mitigation in Central Pennsylvania,USA

In the United States, the Clean Water Act requires mitigation for wetlands that are negatively impacted by dredging and filling activities. During the mitigation process, there generally is little effort to assess function for mitigation sites and function is usually inferred based on vegetative cover and acreage. In our study, hydrogeomorphic (HGM) functional assessment models were used to compare predicted and potential levels of functional capacity in created and natural reference wetlands. HGM models assess potential function by measurement of a suite of structural variables and these modeled functions can then be compared to those in natural, reference wetlands. The created wetlands were built in a floodplain setting of a valley in central Pennsylvania to replace natural ridge-side slope wetlands. Functional assessment models indicated that the created sites differed significantly from natural wetlands that represented the impacted sites for seven of the ten functions assessed. This was expected because the created wetlands were located in a different geomorphic setting than the impacted sites, which would affect the type and degree of functions that occur. However, functional differences were still observed when the created sites were compared with a second set of reference wetlands that were located in a similar geomorphic setting (floodplain). Most of the differences observed in both comparisons were related to unnatural hydrologic regimes and to the characteristics of the surrounding landscape. As a result, the created wetlands are not fulfilling the criteria for successful wetland mitigation.     

Comparison of Function of Created Wetlands of Two Age Classes in Central Pennsylvania

Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) functional assessment models were used to assess whether function in created wetlands of two ages (1 year old and >12 years old) was equivalent to that of natural (reference) mainstem floodplain wetlands. Reference wetlands scored higher than both created age classes for providing energy dissipation and short-term surface water storage. Reference wetlands scored higher in maintaining native plant community and structure than 1-year-old sites, and 12-year-old wetlands scored higher than reference sites for providing vertebrate habitat structure. Analysis of individual model variables showed that reference wetlands had greater vegetative biomass and higher soil organic matter content than both created wetland age classes. Created wetlands were farther from natural wetlands and had smaller mean forest patch sizes within a 1-km-radius circle around the site than did the reference sites, indicating less hydrologic connectivity. Created wetlands also had less microtopographic variation than reference wetlands. The 1-year-old created sites were placed in landscape settings with greater land use diversity and road density than reference sites. The 12-year-old sites had a higher gradient and a higher percentage of their surrounding area in urban land use. These results show that the created wetlands were significantly structurally different (if not functionally so) from reference wetlands even after 12 years. The most profound differences were in hydrology and the characteristics of the surrounding landscape. More attention needs to be focused on placing created wetlands in appropriate settings to encourage proper hydrodynamics, eliminate habitat fragmentation, and minimize the effects of stressors to the site.     

安徽沿江开发区发展现状评价研究

在学习并借鉴国内有关开发（园）区评价方法的基础上，选择经济总量、经济效率、基础设施和产业质量4方面共计12个指标评估开发区的发展状况，并在评估的基础上把安徽沿江15个开发区划分为重点拓展型开发区、优化提升类开发区、积极培育类开发区，最后针对不同类型的开发区分别提出发展建议。     

论三峡库区城市污水、垃圾处理市场化

论述了用市场化模式解决三峡库区城市污水处理场和垃圾处理场的建设和运营问题，并提出了市场化的总体架构。     

城市环境综合整治定量考核中区域环境噪声达标值确定的探讨

以每个功能区面积占城市区域总面积的比例作为权系数,然后用加权平均法求出的城市区域环境噪声标准值来衡量整个域区的噪声水平,这样,在城市环境综合整治定量考核工作中对声环境状况评价真正做到定量化、标准化、针对城市的性质,规模,特征不同,也体现可比性。     

胶州湾潮间带和沿岸区硫酸盐还原菌含量分布

用 Ｍ Ｐ Ｎ 法对胶州湾潮间带和沿岸区的硫酸盐还原菌（ 缩写为 Ｓ Ｒ Ｂ） 含量作了研究，结果表明表层沉积物的 Ｓ Ｒ Ｂ 含量大约是４１ ×１０７ 个细胞／ｇ ，波动范围较大。水中的 Ｓ Ｒ Ｂ 含量约２５ ×１０２／ｍｌ。分析了 Ｓ Ｒ Ｂ 含量的分布状况，发现调查区内的 Ｓ Ｒ Ｂ 含量基本上呈现出北高南低、西高东低之势，即工业区、港口区的高于海水浴场、海滨旅游区的。证实了生活废弃物的排放致其环境 Ｓ Ｒ Ｂ 含量特高。 Ｓ Ｒ Ｂ 含量分布状况大体上与以往所测环境污染状况一致。对虾养殖池的 Ｓ Ｒ Ｂ 含量意味着水产养殖必须考虑这一因子的作用